A general Germanic word meaning 'being' or 'creature', but increasingly applied to either good or bad spirits, until it came to have a supernatural connotation. In late Saxon, 'unsele wiht' is 'uncanny creature', and in The Canterbury Tales Chaucer uses the word for dangerous spirits in 'I crouche thee from elves and fro wightes' in 'The Miller's Tale'. Kirk talks of seeing the fairies crowding in from all quarters 'like furious hardie wights'. It was not a word objected to by the fairies, for in the fairy rhyme given by Chambers we have:
A formidable-looking but harmless and even benevolent creature described by Jessie Saxby in Shetland Traditional Lore (Chapter 9):
The Wulver was a creature like a man with a wolf's head. He had short brown hair all over him. His home was a cave dug out of the side of a steep knowe, half-way up a hill. He didn't molest folk if folk didn't molest him. He was fond of fishing, and had a small rock in the deep water which is known to this day as the 'Wulver's Stane'. There he would sit fishing sillaks and piltaks for hour after hour. He was reported to have frequently left a few fish on the window-sill of some poor body.
[Motif: F420.5.1.1]
Вульвер
Ужасное на вид, но безобидное и даже доброе существо, описанное у Джесси Саксби в «Шетландских традициях» (глава 9):
Вульвером звали существо с телом человека и головой волка. Все его тело покрывала короткая бурая шерсть. Жил он в пещере, выкопанной в склоне крутой горы, на полпути к вершине. Если его не трогали, то и он никого не трогал. Любил он рыбачить, и на стремнине у него была скала, которую до нынешнего дня зовут «Вульверов камень». На ней он сидел и часами удил сайду и треску. Говорят, что он нередко оставлял несколько рыбин под окном у одного бедняка.
A broch is a type of round, stone-walled farmhouse covered with turf to make a smooth hill which is to be found in the ancient Pictish areas of Scotland. The entrance to a broch is by a single door, and they have no shaft connecting them with the outer air such as are found in the howes. Inside are winding low passages leading to several chambers. They are defensive rather than offensive in design. R.W.Feachem, who contributes Chapter 3 to The Problem of the Picts, considers that they were constructed not by the Picts but by the Proto-Picts, the heterogeneous tribes which were finally blended together to produce the Picts of history, that mysterious people who contribute their part to the theories of fairy origins.
These brochs, like other knolls and howes, were often called Fairy knowes and play their part in sustaining the theories of David Mac Ritchie.
The Gaelic for a shapeless thing. J.F.Campbell, in Popular Tales of the West Highlands (Vol.II, p.203), tells a Brollachan story which seems to be a variant of 'Maggie Moulach and the Brownie of Fincastle Mill' (see under brownie), which is one form of the 'Nemo' story. In this version, however, the point is missed of the human naming himself 'Me Myself. It is a widespread tale, best known in England as ainsel.
There was once a cripple called Ally Murray who lived in the Mill of the Glens on the charity of the miller and his neighbours, who put a
handful into his bowl for every bag of grain ground there. The lamiter usually slept in the mill, and one cold night when he was lying by the fire a brollachan came in, the child of a fuath, or 'vough', who lived in the millstream. This brollachan had eyes and a mouth, but it could say only two words, 'Mi-phrein' and 'Tu-phrein', that is, 'Myself and 'Thyself. Beyond his eyes and his mouth he had no shape that you could describe.
This brollachan stretched itself in front of the fire, which began to bum low. Murray threw a fresh peat on it, and the hot embers flew about and burnt the brollachan, who yelled and shrieked fearsomely.
The 'vough' rushed in very fierce, crying, 'Och my Brollachan, who then burnt you?' But all it could say was 'Me and thou!' 'Were it any other,' she said, 'wouldn't I be revenged!'
A malicious goblin, one name for the Devil, which was once in common use for frightening children. E.M.Wright in Rustic Speech and Folk-Lore gives as an example: 'If tha doesna leave off shrikin', I'll fetch a black bogy to thee', and cites a ghostly bogy which haunted its murderer as a skeleton, wailing: 'Oi waant my booans! I waant my booans!' It was universal over England, but the use of cautionary demons and nursery bogies has gone out of fashion in modern education. Now 'bogy' serves as a generic name for bogies in general, including a number of frightening and mischievous characters: barguest, boggart, brag, buggan, buggane, hedley kow, mumpoker, padfoot, tanterabogus, trash, and so on. The respectable and mediocre Colonel Bogey, whose golf score is always dead average, seems to have no right to his name.
In Orkney and Shetland, 'Booman' is a brownie-like hobgoblin. Its name is preserved elsewhere in singing games, 'Shoot, Booman, shoot', and 'Booman is dead and gone'. These are to be found in Alice Gomme's Dictionary of British Folk-Lore, Part I: Traditional Games (Vol.I, p.43).
Буман
На Оркнеях и Шетландах «буман» — это брауни-подобный хобгоблин. Его имя сохранилось также в игровых песенках 'Shoot, Booman, shoot' и 'Booman is dead and gone'. Их можно найти в «Словаре британского фольклора» Элис Гомм, часть I, «Традиционные игры» (T.I, с.43).
The best-known of the Scottish water-horses. The Kelpie haunted rivers rather than lochs or the sea. He could assume human form, in which he appeared like a rough, shaggy man. In this shape he used sometimes to leap up behind a solitary rider, gripping and crushing him, and frightening him almost to death. Before storms, he would be heard howling and wailing. His most usual shape was that of a young horse. He played the ordinary bogy or bogey-beast trick of alluring travellers on to his back and rushing with them into a deep pool, where he struck the water with his tail with a sound like thunder and disappeared in a flash of light. He was suspected of sometimes tearing people to pieces and devouring them.
A picturesque version of the story of 'The Time is Come but not the Man' is told of the river Conan in Sutherland, in which the Kelpie seems to figure as the hungry spirit of the river. In his horse form, the Kelpie sometimes had a magic bridle. Grant Stewart in his Popular Superstitions tells how a bold MacGregor, nicknamed Wellox, took his bridle off the Kelpie. The Kelpie begged him to restore it, but he kept it and used it to work magic.
On the other hand, the man who put a human bridle on the Kelpie could subdue him to his will. Chambers tells us that Graham of Morphie once bridled a kelpie and used him to drag stones to build his new castle. When the castle was built he took off the bridle, and the poor, galled kelpie dashed into the river, but paused in the middle to say:
Подданные Честного Двора, как именуют в Шотландии всех добрых эльфов в целом, могут быть весьма неласковы, если их разозлить, но Нечестной Двор ни при каких обстоятельствах не благосклонен к людям. Сюда входят Слуаги, или Воинство — армия неупокоенных мертвецов, носящихся над землей и уносящих с собой беззащитных смертных, которых они заставляют пускать эльфийские стрелки в людей и скотину — а также злонравные эльфы-одиночки: Бурый-с-болот, Ракушник, Наккилэйви, Красные шапки, Бабан Ши и многие другие мрачные и злобные создания, для которых главное удовольствие в существовании — мучить и терзать смертных.
'Urchin' or 'Hurgeon' is a dialect name for a hedgehog, and small bogies or pixies often took hedgehog form and were therefore called 'urchins'. It will be remembered that Caliban was tormented by urchins at Prospero's command.
...then like Hedg-hogs, which
Lye tumbling in my bare-foote way, and mount
Their pricks at my foot-fall...
'The Tempest' by Mr. William Shakespeare
'Urchens' are mentioned by Reginald Scot in his list of frightening spirits. The name came into use for small, impish boys and passed out of common use for fairies.
Шантрапа, Урхины
Слово «Urchin» или «Hurgeon» — диалектное название ежа, а мелкие буки или пикси часто прикидывались ежами, отчего их и прозвали «урчинами». Можно вспомнить, что Калибана по приказанию Просперо терзали ежиными иглами:
А то подкатит под ноги ежами,
И я колюсь об них босой ступней.
Уильям Шекспир «Буря», перевод Осии Сороки
«Урченов» упоминает Реджинальд Скот в своем списке страшных духов. Позже это слово стало обозначать нечесаного мальчишку-хулигана и вышло из обихода в эльфистическом смысле.
Уриск — это что-то вроде брауни, только более дикий: полу-человек, полу-козел, он приносит большую удачу дому, при котором живет. Он пасет скот и трудится по хозяйству. Водится он в омутах и заводях, но иногда ему становится скучно, и он может всю ночь преследовать перепуганного путника. Уриски живут одиноко, но регулярно встречаются в условленное время. Грэхэм в «Живописных зарисовках Пертшира» сообщает нам, что ущелье возле Лох-Катрин было излюбленным местом их встреч. Д.А.Маккензи в «Шотландском фольклоре и народной жизни» рассказывает об урисках в подробностях.
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